Welcome to the Tech Library
Room Simulation for Multichannel Film and MusicTo fully exploit new Reverb and Spatial algorithms for 5.1 and 7.1 environments in music and film, effect mixing procedures may have to be changed slightly. by Knud Christensen & Thomas Lund
Reverb and Room Simulation in the Multichannel EraThis paper presents a family of algorithms that enable music-, film- and game producers to create engaging virtual acoustic environments around the end user and control the positioning of sound sources therein. by Knud Christensen
Enhanced Localization in 5.1 ProductionSource localization in 5.1 and 6.1 format may be enhanced if panning is not based only on level but also involves room rendering utilizing multi-directional reflections. by Thomas Lund
Stop Counting SamplesReport from the frontline of the CD Loudness war, 2006: It's not over yet. Read about distortion developing in CD players, data reduction systems etc. The Appendix suggests improved procedures to follow in production and mastering. by Thomas Lund
Overload in Signal ConversionA paper about the headroom needed in processing, routing and reproduction of digital signals to prevent distortion and listening fatigue from happening. It includes a discussion of AD, DA, sample rate conversion and data reduction systems. by Soren Nielsen & Thomas Lund
The Secret of the Mastering EngineerMastering is an art and a science. In this acclaimed booklet, Bob Katz shares good advice about monitoring, metering and processing. About listening to the music and supporting it as the road to Nirvana – from one of the true yogis of our industry. by Bob Katz
Level Control in Digital MasteringMusic mastering is becoming a battle for maximum level rather than a quest for audio quality, because counting consecutive samples at OdBFS is not an adequate restriction of level. by Soren Nielsen & Thomas Lund
0 dBFS+ Levels in Digital MasteringThis paper examines the sonic consequences when 0dBFS+ signals are reproduced in typical consumer equipment. The performance of a variety of domestic CD players exposed to such signals are presented and evaluated. by Soren Nielsen & Thomas Lund
Programmed for DistortionListen to the artifacts produced when hot CDs are sample rate converted or reproduced in a CD player. Blind optimization against full scale during mastering make new releases programmed for distortion. by Soren Nielsen & Thomas Lund
ITU-R BS.1770 RevisitedThe ITU standard has been updated to BS.1770-2. It now work across genres, for instance between commercials and regular programming. Transparency is a must for the broadcaster, for the producer, and wrt legislation such as the CALM Act. Coherent new EBU R128 tools are also described. First published in the NAB Engineering Conference Proceedings, 2011. by Thomas Lund
Program Loudness and Loudness RangeEBU P/LOUD devoted much time to finding a transparent cross-genre measure for program normalization. This paper was part of that process. It also describes Loudness Range, examines the listener's loudness jump tolerance, and presents the Zap test. First published at the AES 127 convention, 2009. by Esben Skovenborg & Thomas Lund
Universal Loudness DescriptorsThe paper presents two descriptors, "Center of Gravity" and "Consistency", to summarize the loudness properties of film, music and broadcast programs and tracks. Applications include delivery specifications, diagnostics, logging and metadata delivery, for instance for use with MPEG and AC3 codecs. by Esben Skovenborg & Thomas Lund
Inter-program Level Jumps in BroadcastDTV experiences a growing problem with level jumps between programs; especially when wide dynamic range programming is followed by commercials, promos or sports. Important contributors to such inter-program level jumps have been investigated and are reported. by Thomas Lund
Control of Loudness in Digital TVPaper describing various loudness measurement models and their limitations. Consumer Dynamic Range Tolerance (DRT) is quantified, and station infrastructure taking DRT into account is presented..First published at the NAB Engineering Conference Proceedings, 2006. by Thomas Lund
Evaluation of Different Loudness ModelsThe ability of twelve loudness models to measure speech and music segments is evaluated. Leq(A) and Leq(M) are among the worst performers, while Leq(RLB) from an ITU experiment, and new advanced models, correlate better with extensive listening tests. by Esben Skovenborg & Soren Nielsen
Real-Time Visualisation of Loudness Along Different Time ScalesA novel real-time loudness meter is presented, which simultaneously shows short-term loudness,
long-term loudness and peak level. by Esben Skovenborg & Søren Nielsen
Designs for Loudness-Matching ExperimentsDifferent loudness experimental designs are compared, and the effect of using a fixed-reference is evaluated against a balanced pair-matching design. by Esben Skovenborg & Søren Nielsen
Loudness Assessment of Music and SpeechAn experiment was performed to investigate the assessment of loudness of music and speech using a General Linear Model. by Esben Skovenborg
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Clock and Synchronization in System 6000Clock and Synchronization in System 6000 Discussion of intrinsic jitter, interface jitter, jitter rejection and clock design as implemented in System 6000. by Christian Frandsen
Clock and Jitter in Audio Systems using FirewireNetwork-based audio systems pose a significant jitter problem when AD, DA and sample rate conversion is required. This paper describes a new clocking technology that eliminates such obstacles, and finally makes Firewire as robust as high quality point to point digital interfacing. by Christian Frandsen and Chris Travis
Plug and Play?An Investigation Into Problems of Digital Audio Interfacing An investigation of factors determining reliability in professional audio and synchronisation interfaces. Electrical characteristics, phase-offset and tolerance to offset, intrinsic jitter and tolerance to jitter, and sample rate precision have been tested. by Christian Frandsen and Morten Lave
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Sample Rate Conversion Filters – ADA2496Custom digital filters in AD and DA conversion for optimizing performance when using 44.1 or 48 kHz sample rates. by Knud Christensen & Thomas Lund
Compression ApplicationsA description of compressors and their applications. Practical advice about parameters and how compressors can be used on single and complex sources. by Maureen Droney & Howard Massey
Selection And Tuning Of HRTFsA paper about reproduction of a five-channel signal over normal headphones. Informal listening tests show that a large number of different HRTFs do not have the desired level of quality. by Andreas Silze
Multichannel Signal Processing ToolsChanging sound recording and production from stereo to multichannel creates new demands on the signal processing tools. by Soren Nielsen
PC Based Realtime Signal ProcessingA cost-effective fast prototyping system is proposed, comprising of a PC running MatLab as controller and a dedicated DSP windows DLL to handle real time processing. by Lars Arknaes
Measuring Sensory Consonance by Auditory ModellingA measure of sensory consonance is computed for musical intervals (chords), and the relation between consonance and dissonance to the psychoacoustic notions of roughness and critical bandwidth is discussed. by Esben Skovenborg & Soren Nielsen
Realtime Control Of Audio EffectsA concept for controlling a collection of effect blocks in real time with direct user interaction, and including controllers derived from the signal itself, is presented. by Soren Nielsen
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